Chapter-Money and Banking notes for class 12 Economics
Money and Banking Notes
Money & Banking
Money :-
Money is something which facilitates the transaction of goods and services.
Barter system of exchange :-
Barter system of exchange is the system in which commodities are exchanged for commodities. This is also called commodity for commodity exchange economy.
Difficulties of Barter System of Exchange :-
i. It requires double coincidence of wants which is a rare occurrence.
ii. It lacks a common unit of exchange.
iii. It lacks the system of future payments or deffered payments.
iv. It lacks the system of storage of value.
Definition of Money :-
Legal Definition :- Money is anything declared by law as money
Functional Definition :- Money is anything that acts as a medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value and standard for deferred payments.
Classification of Money :- It is classified on the basis of value of money as money and value of money as commodity as following :-
1. Full bodied money.
2. Representative full bodied money.
3. Credit money.
Functions of Money :- (DELETED TOPIC)
1) ‘Money is matter of functions four, a medium, A measure, A standard and a store,
A. Medium of exchange:- It means that money acts as an intermediary
for the goods and services in an exchange transaction.
B. Measure of value or unit of value:- Money serves as a measure of value in terms of unit of account. Unit of account means that the value of each good or service is measured in the monetary unit.
C. Standard of differed payments:- Money is functioning as deferred
Payments because its price remains relatively stable.
D Store of value:- Storing of value means means store of purchasing power. It is convenient to store value in terms of money
Because storage of money does not need much space
Indian Monetary System:- It is based on paper currency standard.
Currency is issued in India by RBI based on minimum reserve system. Currency issued in India is inconvertible. The issuing authority will not convert it into bullion – gold or silver.
Money Supply:-
The supply of money means the total stock of all the forms of money (Paper money, Coins and Bank deposits). Which are held by the public at any particular point of time. In India RBI uses four alternative measures of money supply called as M1, M2, M3, M4.
Money
Very Short Answer type Question (1 Mark each)
Q1. Define Barter System.
Ans. The system in which goods are exchanged with goods are called
Barter system of exchange.
Q2. Define C.C. Economy.
Ans. An economy based on Barter system (i.e. exchange of commodity
for commodity) is called C.C. economy.
Q3. What do you mean by double coincidence of wants?
Ans. Simultaneous fulfillment of mutual wants by buyers and sellers is
known as double coincidence of wants.
Q4. What monetary system does India follow?
Ans. India is at present on the paper currency standard.
Q5. What is full bodied Money?
Ans. This is the form of money where the money value of money and the
commodity value of money is the same for example gold coins.
Q6. What is credit money?
Ans. The money whose value as money is greater than the commodity
value with which it is made of.
Q7. Give example of near money.
Ans. Bonds, Equity, Shares, NSC etc.
Q8. What is Money?
Ans. Money can be defined as some thing that is generally accepted as a
means of exchange and acts as a measures and as a store of the
value.
Q9. What is the main function of money in an economic system?
Ans. The main function of money in an economic system is that it serves
as a medium of exchange.
Q10. What is meant by medium of exchange?
Ans. Medium of exchange means that money acts an intermediary for
the goods and services in an exchange transaction.
Q11. What is meant by measurement of value?
Ans. Measurement of value refers to monetary expression of the market
value of goods & services.
Q12. What is money supply?
Ans. Money supply refers to the total quantity or stock of money
available in the economy at a point of time.
Short Answer type Question (3/4 marks)
Q1. What are drawbacks of barter system?
Ans. 1) Both sale and purchase should occur simultaneously implying
double coincidence of wants.
2) There is no common unit of exchange in a barter system,
accordingly exchange remains limited.
3) Barter system does not allow any convenient method of storage
of value
4) Division of goods in exchange may not be possible so some
wants may remain unsatisfied.
Long Answer type Question
Q1. How does Money help in removing draw back of Barter system.
OR
Describe importance of Money in Modern economy.
Ans. 1. It helps in removing drawbacks of Baster system in the following
Ways
A. Money as a unit of value
B. Money as measures of value.
C. Money as a standard of deferred payments
D. Money as a store of value
2. It facilitates exchange of goods and services and helps in carrying
on trade smoothly
3. Money helps in maximizing consumer’s satisfaction and
producer’s profits.
4. Money promotes specialization which increases productivity and
efficiency.
5. It facilitates planning of both production and consumption.
6. Money can be utilized in reviving the economy from depression.
7. Money enables production to take place in advance of
consumption.
8. It is the institution of money which has proved a valuable social
instrument of promoting economic welfare.
Banking
Central Bank :- The central bank is the apex institution of a country’s monetary system. The design and control of the country’s monetary policy is its main responsibility. India’s central bank is the Reserve Bank of India.
Functions of Central Bank :-
1) Currency Authority :- The central Bank is the sole authority for the issue of currency in the country. All the currency issued by the central bank is its monetary liability. This means that the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value.
2) Banker to the government :- The central bank acts as a banker to the government both central as well as state governments. It carries out all the banking business of the government and the government keeps its cash balances on current account with the central bank.
3) Bankers Bank and supervisor :- As the banker to banks , the Central Bank holds a part of the cash reserves of banks, lends them short term funds and provides them with centralized clearing and remittance facilities.
4) Controller of Money Supply and Credit :- The Central Bank controls the money supply and credit in the best interests of the economy by various instruments as quantitative and qualitative instruments.
I) Quantitative Instrument :- A. Bank Rate Policy:- The bank rate is the rate at which the Central Bank lends funds as a lender of last resort to banks against approved securities or eligible bills of exchange.
B. Open Market Operations:- Open market operations is the buying and selling of government securities by the central bank from/to the public and banks on its own account. The sale of government securities to banks will have the effect of reducing their reserves.
C. Varying Reserve Requirements :- Banks are obliged to maintain reserves with the central bank on two accounts. One is the cash reserve ratio and the other is Statutory Liquidity Ratio. Varing CRR and SLR are tools of monetary and credit control.
II) qualitative Credit Control :- A) Imposing margin requirement on secured loans:- A margin is the difference between the amount of the loan and market value of the security offered by the borrower against the loan. The advantages of this instrument are manifold.
B) Moral Suasion :- This is a combination of persuasion and pressure that the Central Bank applies on the other banks in order to get them to fall in line with its policy.
C) Selective credit controls :- These can be applied in both a positive as well as a negative manner.
Very Short Question /Answer
Q1. Define Central Bank. Write the name of Central Bank of India.
Ans. Central Bank designs and controls the monetary policy of the
country. The name of Central Bank is Reserve Bank of India.
Q2. Which institution is responsible for the monetary policy of the
country?
Ans. The Central bank is responsible for the monetary policy of the
Country.
Q3. Name the institution which issued the currency notes of the
country.
Ans. The Central Bank(Reserve Bank of India) issues the currency notes
of the country.
Short Question Answer
Q1. Write the functions of Central Bank.
Ans. 1) Currency Authority 2) Banker to the government
3) Bankers Bank and supervisor
4) Controller of Money Supply and Credit
Q2. What is the meaning of Banking?
Ans. Banking is defined as the accepting for the purpose of landing or
investment of deposits.
Q3. How the Bank rate control the credit?
Ans. Bank rate is the rate of interest at which Central bank lends to
Commercial banks. By raising the bank rate central bank raises the
cost of borrowing. This forces the Commercial banks to raise in turn
the rate of interest from the public. As lending rate rises demand for
loan for investment and other purposes falls.
Long Question Answer:-
Q1. Which is the Quantitative instrument to control the money supply
and credit in the economy?
Ans. The Quantitative instrument to control the money supply and credit
in the economy are 1) Bank Rate policy – the bank rate is the rate at
which the control bank lends funds as a lender of last resort to
banks against approved securities.
2) Open market operation :- Open market operation is the buying
and selling of government securities by the Central Bank from/to
the public and bank on its own account.
3) Varying Reserve Requirements :- Banks are obliged to maintain
reserves with the Central bank on two account. One is the cash
reserve ratio and the other is Statutory Liquidity Ratio. Varing
CRR and SLR are tools of monetary and credit control.
Q2. Write the Qualitative instruments to control the credit of the
Central Bank.
Ans. The Qualitative instruments to control the credit of the Central
Banks are :-
A) Imposing margin requirement on secured loans:- A margin is the
difference between the amount of the loan and market value of
the security offered by the borrower against the loan.
B) Moral Suasion :- This is a combination of persuasion and
pressure that the Central Bank applies on the other banks in
order to get them to fall in line with its policy.
C) Selective credit controls :- These can be applied in both a
positive as well as a negative manner.
Q3. Write the two function of Central Bank
Ans. Function of Central Bank :-
1) Currency Authority :- The central Bank is the sole authority for
the issue of currency in the country. All the currency issued by the
central bank is its monetary liability. This means that the central
bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value.
2) Banker to the government :- The central bank acts as a banker to
the government both central as well as state governments. It
carries out all the banking business of the government and the
government keeps its cash balances on current account with the
central bank.
Money :-
Money is something which facilitates the transaction of goods and services.
Barter system of exchange :-
Barter system of exchange is the system in which commodities are exchanged for commodities. This is also called commodity for commodity exchange economy.
Difficulties of Barter System of Exchange :-
i. It requires double coincidence of wants which is a rare occurrence.
ii. It lacks a common unit of exchange.
iii. It lacks the system of future payments or deffered payments.
iv. It lacks the system of storage of value.
Definition of Money :-
Legal Definition :- Money is anything declared by law as money
Functional Definition :- Money is anything that acts as a medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value and standard for deferred payments.
Classification of Money :- It is classified on the basis of value of money as money and value of money as commodity as following :-
1. Full bodied money.
2. Representative full bodied money.
3. Credit money.
Functions of Money :- (DELETED TOPIC)
1) ‘Money is matter of functions four, a medium, A measure, A standard and a store,
A. Medium of exchange:- It means that money acts as an intermediary
for the goods and services in an exchange transaction.
B. Measure of value or unit of value:- Money serves as a measure of value in terms of unit of account. Unit of account means that the value of each good or service is measured in the monetary unit.
C. Standard of differed payments:- Money is functioning as deferred
Payments because its price remains relatively stable.
D Store of value:- Storing of value means means store of purchasing power. It is convenient to store value in terms of money
Because storage of money does not need much space
Indian Monetary System:- It is based on paper currency standard.
Currency is issued in India by RBI based on minimum reserve system. Currency issued in India is inconvertible. The issuing authority will not convert it into bullion – gold or silver.
Money Supply:-
The supply of money means the total stock of all the forms of money (Paper money, Coins and Bank deposits). Which are held by the public at any particular point of time. In India RBI uses four alternative measures of money supply called as M1, M2, M3, M4.
Money
Very Short Answer type Question (1 Mark each)
Q1. Define Barter System.
Ans. The system in which goods are exchanged with goods are called
Barter system of exchange.
Q2. Define C.C. Economy.
Ans. An economy based on Barter system (i.e. exchange of commodity
for commodity) is called C.C. economy.
Q3. What do you mean by double coincidence of wants?
Ans. Simultaneous fulfillment of mutual wants by buyers and sellers is
known as double coincidence of wants.
Q4. What monetary system does India follow?
Ans. India is at present on the paper currency standard.
Q5. What is full bodied Money?
Ans. This is the form of money where the money value of money and the
commodity value of money is the same for example gold coins.
Q6. What is credit money?
Ans. The money whose value as money is greater than the commodity
value with which it is made of.
Q7. Give example of near money.
Ans. Bonds, Equity, Shares, NSC etc.
Q8. What is Money?
Ans. Money can be defined as some thing that is generally accepted as a
means of exchange and acts as a measures and as a store of the
value.
Q9. What is the main function of money in an economic system?
Ans. The main function of money in an economic system is that it serves
as a medium of exchange.
Q10. What is meant by medium of exchange?
Ans. Medium of exchange means that money acts an intermediary for
the goods and services in an exchange transaction.
Q11. What is meant by measurement of value?
Ans. Measurement of value refers to monetary expression of the market
value of goods & services.
Q12. What is money supply?
Ans. Money supply refers to the total quantity or stock of money
available in the economy at a point of time.
Short Answer type Question (3/4 marks)
Q1. What are drawbacks of barter system?
Ans. 1) Both sale and purchase should occur simultaneously implying
double coincidence of wants.
2) There is no common unit of exchange in a barter system,
accordingly exchange remains limited.
3) Barter system does not allow any convenient method of storage
of value
4) Division of goods in exchange may not be possible so some
wants may remain unsatisfied.
Long Answer type Question
Q1. How does Money help in removing draw back of Barter system.
OR
Describe importance of Money in Modern economy.
Ans. 1. It helps in removing drawbacks of Baster system in the following
Ways
A. Money as a unit of value
B. Money as measures of value.
C. Money as a standard of deferred payments
D. Money as a store of value
2. It facilitates exchange of goods and services and helps in carrying
on trade smoothly
3. Money helps in maximizing consumer’s satisfaction and
producer’s profits.
4. Money promotes specialization which increases productivity and
efficiency.
5. It facilitates planning of both production and consumption.
6. Money can be utilized in reviving the economy from depression.
7. Money enables production to take place in advance of
consumption.
8. It is the institution of money which has proved a valuable social
instrument of promoting economic welfare.
Banking
Central Bank :- The central bank is the apex institution of a country’s monetary system. The design and control of the country’s monetary policy is its main responsibility. India’s central bank is the Reserve Bank of India.
Functions of Central Bank :-
1) Currency Authority :- The central Bank is the sole authority for the issue of currency in the country. All the currency issued by the central bank is its monetary liability. This means that the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value.
2) Banker to the government :- The central bank acts as a banker to the government both central as well as state governments. It carries out all the banking business of the government and the government keeps its cash balances on current account with the central bank.
3) Bankers Bank and supervisor :- As the banker to banks , the Central Bank holds a part of the cash reserves of banks, lends them short term funds and provides them with centralized clearing and remittance facilities.
4) Controller of Money Supply and Credit :- The Central Bank controls the money supply and credit in the best interests of the economy by various instruments as quantitative and qualitative instruments.
I) Quantitative Instrument :- A. Bank Rate Policy:- The bank rate is the rate at which the Central Bank lends funds as a lender of last resort to banks against approved securities or eligible bills of exchange.
B. Open Market Operations:- Open market operations is the buying and selling of government securities by the central bank from/to the public and banks on its own account. The sale of government securities to banks will have the effect of reducing their reserves.
C. Varying Reserve Requirements :- Banks are obliged to maintain reserves with the central bank on two accounts. One is the cash reserve ratio and the other is Statutory Liquidity Ratio. Varing CRR and SLR are tools of monetary and credit control.
II) qualitative Credit Control :- A) Imposing margin requirement on secured loans:- A margin is the difference between the amount of the loan and market value of the security offered by the borrower against the loan. The advantages of this instrument are manifold.
B) Moral Suasion :- This is a combination of persuasion and pressure that the Central Bank applies on the other banks in order to get them to fall in line with its policy.
C) Selective credit controls :- These can be applied in both a positive as well as a negative manner.
Very Short Question /Answer
Q1. Define Central Bank. Write the name of Central Bank of India.
Ans. Central Bank designs and controls the monetary policy of the
country. The name of Central Bank is Reserve Bank of India.
Q2. Which institution is responsible for the monetary policy of the
country?
Ans. The Central bank is responsible for the monetary policy of the
Country.
Q3. Name the institution which issued the currency notes of the
country.
Ans. The Central Bank(Reserve Bank of India) issues the currency notes
of the country.
Short Question Answer
Q1. Write the functions of Central Bank.
Ans. 1) Currency Authority 2) Banker to the government
3) Bankers Bank and supervisor
4) Controller of Money Supply and Credit
Q2. What is the meaning of Banking?
Ans. Banking is defined as the accepting for the purpose of landing or
investment of deposits.
Q3. How the Bank rate control the credit?
Ans. Bank rate is the rate of interest at which Central bank lends to
Commercial banks. By raising the bank rate central bank raises the
cost of borrowing. This forces the Commercial banks to raise in turn
the rate of interest from the public. As lending rate rises demand for
loan for investment and other purposes falls.
Long Question Answer:-
Q1. Which is the Quantitative instrument to control the money supply
and credit in the economy?
Ans. The Quantitative instrument to control the money supply and credit
in the economy are 1) Bank Rate policy – the bank rate is the rate at
which the control bank lends funds as a lender of last resort to
banks against approved securities.
2) Open market operation :- Open market operation is the buying
and selling of government securities by the Central Bank from/to
the public and bank on its own account.
3) Varying Reserve Requirements :- Banks are obliged to maintain
reserves with the Central bank on two account. One is the cash
reserve ratio and the other is Statutory Liquidity Ratio. Varing
CRR and SLR are tools of monetary and credit control.
Q2. Write the Qualitative instruments to control the credit of the
Central Bank.
Ans. The Qualitative instruments to control the credit of the Central
Banks are :-
A) Imposing margin requirement on secured loans:- A margin is the
difference between the amount of the loan and market value of
the security offered by the borrower against the loan.
B) Moral Suasion :- This is a combination of persuasion and
pressure that the Central Bank applies on the other banks in
order to get them to fall in line with its policy.
C) Selective credit controls :- These can be applied in both a
positive as well as a negative manner.
Q3. Write the two function of Central Bank
Ans. Function of Central Bank :-
1) Currency Authority :- The central Bank is the sole authority for
the issue of currency in the country. All the currency issued by the
central bank is its monetary liability. This means that the central
bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value.
2) Banker to the government :- The central bank acts as a banker to
the government both central as well as state governments. It
carries out all the banking business of the government and the
government keeps its cash balances on current account with the
central bank.
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